Tayyagarcia

Chapter 9: The Worlds of Islam         600-1500 - Most of the major cultural traditions/religions that arose in the second-wave era emerged from the core of the established civilizations like China (confucianism and daoism), India (buddhism and hinduism), Mediterranean World (greek philosophy), Persia (Zoroastrianism) - Christianity and Islam came from the margins of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations- Christianity was found by small middle eastern peoples; jews in the province of the Roman Empire; islam found in the cities and deserts of the Arabian Peninsula - Bedoiuns: the central region of the Arabian peninsula that was long inhibited by the nomadic Arabs - Mecca became very important as it was where the Kaaba was found allowing for Mecca to become a wealthy area where people from all clans and tribes could be found - Around 600 it was thought that Arabs were going to be transitioning into Judaism or Christianity (the most rapidly growing rel...

Intro to Part Three: An Age of Accelerating Connections (500-1500) Defining a Millennium- It has been difficult to determine when one phase of human history ends and when another phase begins as some people have disagreed on when each phase changes Third- Wave Civilizations: Something New, Something old, Something Blended- have trouble identifying clearly defined features of the major civilizations or human communities during this period (500-1500) and to differentiate these groups from those that came before them The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interactions in the Third-Wave Era- although it is difficult to determine an all-encompassing definition of the their-era wave, there is a common theme of communication or contact with strangers for their ideas, armies, goods, and even diseases Chapter 7: Commerce and Culture - The Silk Road lead to the exchange of products between inner and outer Eurasia which was warm and had water. It linked the civilizations on the western and e...

Chapter 6: Commonalities and Variations Civilization of Africa, Meroe: Gained many resources through trading Several different groups were common in Africa as the climate differentiated throughout the continent Many females were the ruling queens City in Nubia Axum: East Africa (100-600 CE) King adopted the religion Christianity, thus, influencing the people of Axum and the cities around it as well An example of monumental structures built by the second-wave era of civilizations is the column of Axum Along the Niger River: Cities without states Many urban cities around the river Many people began to move closer as the large drought occurred in Sahara Cities around the river never really established themselves through their structure, and had specializations and inequalities - metal skills increased power Civilizations of Mesoamerica: Known for the architectural achievements especially in regards to the environment around them Cities (usually) had their own gov...

As the chapter opens, it discusses how the last 250 years have called into question social patterns long assumed to be natural and permanent (191). The chapter then discusses the framework of Eurasia and North Africa, specifically focusing on the social arrangements and relationships between the rich and poor, the powerful and powerless, slaves and free people, and men and women (192). The second wave era (similar to the first civilizations) were deeply divided in class lines, and they were patriarchal, with women clearly subordinate to men in almost all domains of life (192). In building these societies they differ from each other significantly: - China: unique in that they were shaped by the actions of the state with all of the most politically powerful and socially prestige of Chinese state officials being male; acting in the name of the emperor in the province and the capital - An Elite of Officials: "Proximity to the capital and family connections to the imperial court ...

Chapter 4: Culture and Religion in Eurasia/ North America one of the first civilizations= China Zhou Dynasty- Notion of the Mandate of Heaven began to take place introducing the idea that the "normal and appropriate condition of China was one of political unity" Eighth century BCE- authority of Zhou Dynasty and royal court weakened leading to the age of warring where after reflections had been done classical cultural traditions of Chinese civilization began Legalist answer- believe the answer to the problems in China lay in the laws and rules that would be clearly played out and heavily enforced through the use of a reward and punishment system Confucian answer- established expectations for superior parties  Daoist answer- "urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encouraged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural"(155) cultural traditions of India: embraced the Divine and anythin...