Chapter 2: First Civilizations

Chapter 2: First Civilization

Chapter 2 introduces the Ancient Era
The Ancient Era may be defined by:
1.) Homosapiens competed with each other for wealth, status, and power- leading to social hierarchy
2.) Development of more sophisticated technologies, including writing
3.) Agricultural surplus leading to specialization which leads to civilization and city states
4.) Interactions between people from different continents increases as trade begins to increase

(Potential) Key words: social hierarchy, writing, civilization, and trade

The first civilization include Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Americas (Andes, Mesoamerica), China, Aegean Greeks, and Indus Valley.

       - The Americas were not as strong agriculturally as the other civilizations due to the lack of tools, specifically the necessary animals to pull the heavy tools that would make agriculture more sufficient and easy for the people in the Americas. Due to this, the timeline for the Americas is not the same as the other civilizations. Thus as the Europeans began coming to the Americas it was not difficult for them to take over.

       - Egypt: Depended on a river that was very predictable in the way that it would flood each year- this allowed for them to plan and prepare based on the flooding of the river.

       - Mesopotamia: Depended on a river but it was unpredictable which meant that they were unable to plan accordingly and prepare properly.

       - Indus Valley: Located in modern day India/ Pakistan. Thus far are the only civilization to have no evidence of a social hierarchy, no evidence of palaces and cottages or of hierarchical tombs or burials. Were able to create a way to develop and build a city based on a grid, and were able to develop a plumbing system that allowed for flushing and pools. Also have written records but at the moment there is no way to read it and understand how the system worked and was run.

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