Tayyagarcia

Chapter 12: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century Even though there have been many advanced that have been made in this time for agriculture there were still gathering and hunting societies, often called the pathlolitic peoples. Includes people from all of Austria, much of Siberia, the arctic coastlands, and parts of Africa and the Americas are the groups that still took part in gathering and hunting. The Australians were also a group that still took part in gathering and hunting, even though there were peoples nearby that did have the advancements in agriculture. However, these new advances never penetrated the way the Australians chose to do their agriculture. Even without the advancement they were still able to manipulate and master the environment around them, even coming up with their own practice called "fire stick farming." "Fire stick farming"- a pattern of deliberately setting fires, which they described as "cleaning up the country" these f...

Chapter 11: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage       The Mongol Moment              [1200-1500] The pastoral societies weren't as developed as other agricultural societies. They has several important features that distinguished them from settled agricultural communities and civilizations, like generally these societies had less productive economies and their need for large grazing area meant they supported smaller populations. These people often lived in scattered encampments or seasonal settlements, rather than villages or towns or cities like the more developed communities/ civilizations. The women of the pastoral societies were usually offered a higher status, fewer restrictions and even greater role in public life. Which is how this society differed from the more developed societies. Also, unlike other societies, remarriage of a widow did not carry the negative connotation that was seen among the Chinese. Women were even able...

Chapter 8: China and the World   East Asian Connections      500-1300 "China will be the next superpower" (323) How will China be the next "superpower"?  China was able to become the next "superpower" through the way they were a major classical civilization but were there since the Ancient era, giving them a continuous existence. They were also able to see an exponential amount of economic growth as they became an important factor in the trade, especially on the sea road. They were also able to see growth through their inventions in technology and engineering. Therefore leading to improvement in industrial growth through the development of new techniques and practices. Another important thing that became important in China was rice as they were able to grow their rice through the drought and could grow it quickly. The increase in food production (rice) helped lead to an increase in population. Merit system: hiring people based on their merit, mean...

Chapter 10: The Worlds of Christendom     Contraction, Expansion, and Division         500-1300 Yao Hong was a women who helped with the spread of Christianity in China. As she decided to become christian after finding out that her husband was having an affair with another women. Christianity began to spread throughout other Asian countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, and parts of India. It was also being seen in the non-muslim regions of Africa during the twentieth century. By the early twenty-first century "over 60 percent of the world's Christians lived in Asia, Africa, or Latin America. Leaving Europe and North America with less christians than that of Asia, Africa, or Latin America. Events that led to the increase in christianity include: Islam. This is because with the introduction of Islam led to the rapid spread across Afro-eursia and then at the same time there was the creation of a large and powerful A...

Chapter 9: The Worlds of Islam         600-1500 - Most of the major cultural traditions/religions that arose in the second-wave era emerged from the core of the established civilizations like China (confucianism and daoism), India (buddhism and hinduism), Mediterranean World (greek philosophy), Persia (Zoroastrianism) - Christianity and Islam came from the margins of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations- Christianity was found by small middle eastern peoples; jews in the province of the Roman Empire; islam found in the cities and deserts of the Arabian Peninsula - Bedoiuns: the central region of the Arabian peninsula that was long inhibited by the nomadic Arabs - Mecca became very important as it was where the Kaaba was found allowing for Mecca to become a wealthy area where people from all clans and tribes could be found - Around 600 it was thought that Arabs were going to be transitioning into Judaism or Christianity (the most rapidly growing rel...

Intro to Part Three: An Age of Accelerating Connections (500-1500) Defining a Millennium- It has been difficult to determine when one phase of human history ends and when another phase begins as some people have disagreed on when each phase changes Third- Wave Civilizations: Something New, Something old, Something Blended- have trouble identifying clearly defined features of the major civilizations or human communities during this period (500-1500) and to differentiate these groups from those that came before them The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interactions in the Third-Wave Era- although it is difficult to determine an all-encompassing definition of the their-era wave, there is a common theme of communication or contact with strangers for their ideas, armies, goods, and even diseases Chapter 7: Commerce and Culture - The Silk Road lead to the exchange of products between inner and outer Eurasia which was warm and had water. It linked the civilizations on the western and e...

Chapter 6: Commonalities and Variations Civilization of Africa, Meroe: Gained many resources through trading Several different groups were common in Africa as the climate differentiated throughout the continent Many females were the ruling queens City in Nubia Axum: East Africa (100-600 CE) King adopted the religion Christianity, thus, influencing the people of Axum and the cities around it as well An example of monumental structures built by the second-wave era of civilizations is the column of Axum Along the Niger River: Cities without states Many urban cities around the river Many people began to move closer as the large drought occurred in Sahara Cities around the river never really established themselves through their structure, and had specializations and inequalities - metal skills increased power Civilizations of Mesoamerica: Known for the architectural achievements especially in regards to the environment around them Cities (usually) had their own gov...

As the chapter opens, it discusses how the last 250 years have called into question social patterns long assumed to be natural and permanent (191). The chapter then discusses the framework of Eurasia and North Africa, specifically focusing on the social arrangements and relationships between the rich and poor, the powerful and powerless, slaves and free people, and men and women (192). The second wave era (similar to the first civilizations) were deeply divided in class lines, and they were patriarchal, with women clearly subordinate to men in almost all domains of life (192). In building these societies they differ from each other significantly: - China: unique in that they were shaped by the actions of the state with all of the most politically powerful and socially prestige of Chinese state officials being male; acting in the name of the emperor in the province and the capital - An Elite of Officials: "Proximity to the capital and family connections to the imperial court ...

Chapter 4: Culture and Religion in Eurasia/ North America one of the first civilizations= China Zhou Dynasty- Notion of the Mandate of Heaven began to take place introducing the idea that the "normal and appropriate condition of China was one of political unity" Eighth century BCE- authority of Zhou Dynasty and royal court weakened leading to the age of warring where after reflections had been done classical cultural traditions of Chinese civilization began Legalist answer- believe the answer to the problems in China lay in the laws and rules that would be clearly played out and heavily enforced through the use of a reward and punishment system Confucian answer- established expectations for superior parties  Daoist answer- "urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encouraged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural"(155) cultural traditions of India: embraced the Divine and anythin...

A Greek Historian on Persia and Egypt: Herodotus Background:    Born to a wealthy family in Asia Minor during the age when the wars between the Greeks and Persians was still a recent memory. He devoted a large portion of his life to recording the history of the conflict in a book called The Histories. Thus he in essence began the first systematically recorded narrative based on research. The Histories: observations and cultural differences Persians: Sacrifice-  No images of the gods, no temples or altars- see them as signs of foolishness; thought that this way of thinking may be due to the Persians "not believing the gods to have the same nature as human beings" (138) Practice climbing to the highest mountain top to offer sacrifices to Zeus, god of the universe; "sacrifice the sun and moon to the earth to fire to water and to the winds..." (138) Sacrifice ritual- "they bring the victim to the spot of ground that is pure from ritual pollution and th...

Intro to Part 2: - Discusses how the fall of the fragile and vulnerable first civilizations fell and how their basis was able to set the standard for the next civilizations that were beginning to form in places like the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, India. There were sites where smaller civilization were beginning to form like in Ethiopia, West Africa, Japan, and Indonesia. - Starts introducing the transition into the second and third wave of civilization. Further explaining the differences between the first, second, and third waves. - Explains the point of chapter 3: examining and comparing the political framework of the three different waves and the empires that began in each wave as well. Chapter 3: Empire: may be used to discuss states, "political systems that exercise coercive power"(pg 106); may also refer to the larger and more aggressive states that "conquer, rule, and extract resources from the states and people" (pg 106) Empires are an int...

Question: What meaning might you attach to the use of animals as totems or symbols of a particular group or individual? Answer: Based on the description from chapter 2, I believe that the use of animals as totems or symbols were used in efforts to show a strong and powerful group or individual compared to weaker and less powerful group or individual. This may be seen as a unicorn seal has been discovered numerous times on clay tags attached to bundles of good. Thus suggesting that those who owned these bundles may have been involved in trade or commerce. Continuously, it has been thought that the seal of a bull was used to represent a group or individual that was powerful and influential, especially because the seal of the bull has presented itself as rare to find. Therefore, I believe that animal symbols and totems were used to show whether someone was of importance or not.

Chapter 2: First Civilization Chapter 2 introduces the Ancient Era The Ancient Era may be defined by: 1.) Homosapiens competed with each other for wealth, status, and power- leading to social hierarchy 2.) Development of more sophisticated technologies, including writing 3.) Agricultural surplus leading to specialization which leads to civilization and city states 4.) Interactions between people from different continents increases as trade begins to increase (Potential) Key words: social hierarchy, writing, civilization, and trade The first civilization include Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Americas (Andes, Mesoamerica), China, Aegean Greeks, and Indus Valley.        - The Americas were not as strong agriculturally as the other civilizations due to the lack of tools, specifically the necessary animals to pull the heavy tools that would make agriculture more sufficient and easy for the people in the Americas. Due to this, the timeline for the Americas is not ...